The Blind Heart in Carver’s Cathedral Essay -- Carver Cathedral Essays

The Blind Heart in Raymond Carver's Cathedralâ â A person’s capacity to see is regularly underestimated for what it's worth in Church by Raymond Carver. Despite the fact that the title proposes that the story is about a house of prayer, it is extremely around two men who are visually impaired, one genuinely, the other mentally. One of the men is Robert, the visually impaired companion of the narrator’s spouse; the other is simply the storyteller husband. The spouse is the man who is mentally visually impaired. Carver deftly portrays the manner in which the spouse takes a gander at life: from an exceptionally intolerant perspective. Two occasions specifically outline this. The first is that the spouse appears to accept that the most significant thing to ladies is being commended on their looks; the second is that he can't envision his wife’s companion Robert as an individual, just as a visually impaired man. Carver reliably portrays the spouse as the genuine visually impaired man since he is uninformed of such a large number of straightforward things throughout everyday life. One of the principal traces of the husband’s visual impairment is tended to from the get-go in the story when the spouse ponders the visually impaired man’s wife and says, Envision a lady who would never consider herself to be she was found according to her adored one. A lady who could go on for quite a while and never get the littlest commendation from her dearest. A lady whose spouse would never peruse the demeanor all over, be it wretchedness or something better. (1055) The spouse is by all accounts saying that ladies should be seen, this is the most significant or just significant thing in their lives. He overlooks that Robert can hear his wife’s voice, smell her scent, make the most of her character, and contact her skin. As indicated by Dorothy Wickenden House of God is a tale about numbness and helplessness †the profound situated... ...is visually impaired. He continually dismisses his sight which he underestimates. The spouse is so intolerant and content inside his own reality, he fails to see the remainder of the world. Marc Chenetien said all that needed to be said: A flash of expectation in ‘Cathedral’ will in general give a possibly new plan to stories whose extreme guarantee appears to remain that visual impairment unavoidably undermines all enlightenments (30). Works Cited Allen, Bruce. Carver. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. New York: Gale Research, 1989. 55:103. Burgeja, Michael J. Carver. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Shelia Fitzgerald. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1990. 8:23. Carver, Raymond. House of prayer The Harper Anthology of Fiction: Ed. Foresty Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1063. Chenetien, Marc. Carver. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Sheila Fitzgerald. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1990. 8:44.

A Useful Plan of a Linguistics Research Paper Writing

A Useful Plan of a Linguistics Research Paper Writing Creative cycle is consistently a muddled thing which requires extra logical, basic reasoning, and research aptitudes. What's more, any scholastic paper requests a genuine fundamental examination. It contrasts both from the craftsmanship or specialized content, and from the journalistic article. As indicated by the points of interest of any paper, it requires the specific methods for its creation. The words â€Å"research paper† completely portrays substance and the essential goal of the announcement: depiction of aftereffects of own examination. The structure of the paper is subjected to the central goal of the exploration. The procedure of research paper composing is exhaustive and significant work. In this manner, it requests the most extreme convergence of thought and creative mind alongside explicit information and abilities. In any case, it is simpler to compose the examination paper when you have a few rules which can assist you with featuring the potential bearings for you. Is Linguistics Worth Studying? The phonetics is as a matter of first importance the science about language. Such understanding methods an assessment of all parts of the wonders. Etymologists look for how to reproduce the oblivious information on the local language by grown-ups and advancement of the principal language by youngsters. They planned for examining the structure of the particular dialects and human language when all is said in done, depicting an assortment of dialects on the planet, and, finally, concentrating how language impacts our day by day correspondence and in what degree it characterizes our view of the world around. Etymologists examine how we ace the local language, and how our insight into the language is associated with other psychological procedures, as it changes in various districts. Semantics looks at the structure of different language parts (for instance, sounds and word blends) and their collaboration, depicts and clarifies an assortment of language foundations. Numerous etymologists are occupied with the field work, gathering material which permits them to see better the solid dialects and human language association. They work with bearers of the most various dialects to research the specific wonders of their syntax as well as to depict these dialects completely. In any case, etymologists utilize large databases (or cases) and perform all around explained explores different avenues regarding youngsters and grown-ups at schools, in field conditions, and in college research facilities to see better how any language functions. What Is Linguistics Research Paper? Semantics examine paper is the freely composed scholastic work which shows the capacity of the understudy to break down phonetics writing, exact material (for instance, words, sayings, phrases). Basically, it is the last phase of any etymology course which incorporates the hypothetical and handy information acquired during contemplating. It isn't prescribed to confine your etymology explore paper just to the hypothetical bases. The basic purpose of the entire semantics examine paper is making a particular articulation thinking about the picked etymology issue and depicting your outcomes got with the assistance of explicit instruments: philosophy, look into techniques, and so on. In this way, clearly the examination paper isn't the assemblage of sections from various Internet and different sources with no references. The Linguistics investigate paper composing isn't an article where you share the remarks on the language fate as well as significance of life in a free structure. The pho netics examine paper is your logical content where, with the exception of effectively gave cites from works of different researchers, your examination and your decisions are the answer for a logical issue. Why Is Linguistics Research Paper Important? With the assistance of phonetics look into paper you figure out how to: think about the various perspectives on an expressed issue; structure an own position (particularly concerning questions which appear to you general and insignificant); dissect the realities (on the case of that little part of language which you will pick); state contemplations (specifically, as per the prerequisites of a specific style †for this situation, the logical one); keep the guidelines (specialized enrollment of work, organizing material, and so forth.). plan (time, work, volumes); present the data intelligently. Finally, a phonetics look into paper is one of the most close to home segments of training. It is viewed as that you explore the point which is appealing and trying for you; expand the issue significant for you, and, in this manner, you attempt to unravel it in the most ideal manner. How to Choose an Ideal Topic for Linguistics Research Paper? Our Writers Advise All the time, the most troublesome thing recorded as a hard copy is to pick the proper subject. Certainly, the achievement of composing the paper and fulfillment the idea explanation in numerous regards relies upon the correct point. Subsequently, it is prudent to give extensive consideration to this issue. Attempt to characterize the circle of phonetics you might want to concentrate and afterward characterize the issue in this circle which should be understood. At any rate, you will locate a general comprehension of the attractive point. Additionally, you can approach your educator for help. No less significant is to plan a definite and explicit subject, dodging speculation. Great Topics Examples Explicit subjects and questions which takes care of the specific issue. Language as Semiotic System; Figures of speech and Their Transformation in Newspaper Headings; Semantic Fields as the Way of Language World Picture Realization; The language of Media as a Reflection of World Changes: Global and Local Vocabulary; Interpenetration and Interference of Terminological, Common, and Colloquial Vocabulary. Awful Topic Examples Too summed up explanations which don't add to science and don't tackle any issue. What Is Language? History of the English Language; Phraseologisms in the Arabic Language; The most effective method to Translate Terminology. How to Make the Competent Outline for the Research Paper? Arranging and expounding the structure is one increasingly basic purpose of sorting out and composing the semantics examine paper. In the event that you don't mull over some basic standards for making the framework, it most likely will contrarily influence the aftereffect of the entire scholarly work. In such manner, focus on the basic structure of the exploration paper which must be followed carefully. Based on the structure, you will have the option to expand on the accommodating layout for your phonetics investigate paper. Structure of the Linguistics Research Paper What rules of the composition of the etymology examine paper exist? The principle is that the examination paper must adhere to the built up structure. Following the structure, it is conceivable to make a calculation (the grouping of activities) of research paper composing. To compose the fantastic etymology inquire about paper, you just should adhere to the bit by bit guidelines, depending on own understanding, by numerous tests and errors. The substance of the investigation for various subjects can be extraordinary, yet its structure in every case very inflexible. Any examination paper unquestionably contains the essential components without which it is difficult to compose an intensive investigation. Title (name of your work); Conceptual (short rundown of the errand and subtasks which you will consider inside your examination; it ought to likewise incorporate catchphrases the particular terms basic for your paper); Presentation (comprises of the general explanation of the issue, its investigation degree, and postulation which expresses the principle target of your examination paper); Approach (methods of getting the important material for examining); Research techniques (methods of breaking down the acquired material); Results (your discoveries); Conversation (clarification and utilization of the hypothetical information in the field); End (incorporates the solution to your fundamental inquiry and summed up results); Proposals (this segment contains the clarification where the consequences of your exploration can be applied and how they add to the general comprehension of the issue); Reference list (sources utilized for composing the paper). How to Choose a Methodology? There are a lot of ways which can be useful in acquiring the material for additional investigation. The strategy for field examines expect gathering and the investigation of essential information as indicated by the reason for solid research. Numerous phonetics examines accept utilization of essential data in different structures (for instance, regional words, proficient jargon things, and so forth.). To the most broad strategies for gathering essential data for perception, an investigation and survey board, or center gathering technique. Perception is one of the potential methods of gathering essential information when the analyst leads the immediate perception of the people associated with the dissected circumstance, for example, an open demonstration. How to Choose Your Research Methods? Phonetics strategies don't speak to a uniform arrangement of the standards, and methods of research, and the depiction of language elements. It is difficult to give an adequate clarification of etymological techniques for all etymology or general logical ideal models. Notwithstanding, it is conceivable to designate strategies, coordinated to the arrangement of issues of clear and hypothetical phonetics and to continue from some summed up thoughts of the present condition of etymology and its deliberate inclinations. There are different research techniques which can be useful for concentrating a specific semantics viewpoint. You are allowed to pick those strategies which are the most appropriate for your exploration. For example, the distributive strategy is a technique for semantics inquire about which suggests the grouping of language units and concentrating of their properties just based on the conveyance of the thought about units in the discourse, i.e., based on their similarity. By methods for a last arrangement of semantic parts, it is conceivable to portray an unlimi

The Prevelance Of Elderly Abuse Social Work Essay

The Prevelance Of Elderly Abuse Social Work Essay Old maltreatment has been common in our general public and it has not been talked about regularly when contrasted with different issues in our general public and very little research has been done on senior maltreatment in Singapore. Because of such impediments present in the investigation of old maltreatment, this makes a feeling that old maltreatment is an uncommon event and is anything but a potential risk to our general public. With the reports on genuine older maltreatment cases, it is apparent that old maltreatment does exist and is certainly not an uncommon event in Singapore as more often than not, such occurrences go underreported. Moreover, it is regularly hard to recognize old maltreatment as in any case, there is an absence of mindfulness with respect to what really contains old maltreatment. Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, serve for network youth and sports, at the yearly family savagery discussion in the year 2009, advised that as Singapore contains one of the quickest maturing populaces on the planet, we must be arranged and expect an expansion in the quantity of cases including senior maltreatment. ( waterways Times). What is all the more stressing that lion's share of the older folks endure maltreatment under the hands of their own youngsters because of the pressure instigated on them from care giving. Consequently, older maltreatment has gotten one of the most significant convincing social issues which must be tended to because of the idea of Singapores segment patterns which comprises an expanding extent of old. Hence, in this paper, the social issue of my center would be older maltreatment in Singapore. A typical issue confronted with respect to the conversation of older maltreatment would be the issue about what precisely establishes senior maltreatment. Subsequently, numerous instances of senior maltreatment go unreported. ( pg 28, disapprove of senior abuse).The Golden Life Workgroup on Elder Abuse Prevention framed in Singapore in the year, 2002, holds fast to the World Health Organization (WHO)s meaning of senior maltreatment. It characterizes senior maltreatment in its report introduced to the legislature as A solitary or rehashed act or absence of proper activity, happening inside any relationship where there is a desire for trust or obligation of care, which makes damage or pain a more seasoned individual. (Brilliant life workgroup on senior maltreatment, 2004 PG 16, World Health Organization 2002) CITE PROPERLY The Ministry of Community Youth and Sports (MCYS) arranges older maltreatment into 5 fundamental gatherings, for example, money related, disregard, relinquishment, physical and mental maltreatment. (Understanding Elder Abuse and Neglect pg 8 check year 2004?). The maturing patterns of Singapore proposes that with increment in future, the older would now require more long haul care than previously and there will be an expanding level of reliance on their youngsters to help them. With declining birth rates, there would be less guardians in the family. This makes abundant open door for old maltreatment to happen. (UN Secretary-Generals Report, March 2002). The level of older who are matured over 65, in 2009 was 8.80% and the anticipated level of old in the year 2030 is relied upon to ascend to 18.7%. (Measurable Indicators on the Elderly, MCYS) .The United Nations utilizes the reliance proportion as a marker of the potential reliance weight to anticipate the measure of weight which must be conveyed by the working populace. (Source: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat 2007 http://www.un.org/maturing/popageing.html). On account of Singapore, as the mature age reliance proportion is expandin g every year whereby in the year 2008 it was 11.9 per 100 and in the year 2010 it expanded to 12.2 per 100. (Branch of Statistics, 2011). This has genuine ramifications for Singapore, as the working populace needs to bear the weight of care giving and money related help. Presently, it turns out to be considerably all the more testing with the rising number of singles and wedded couples deciding not to have any kids or simply having one kid . Such circumstances have genuine repercussions as the future pattern will be with the end goal that care giving on the older will be exclusively carried by the lone youngster and this makes an expanding measure of pressure and weight on the sole parental figure which consequently makes them misuse the old. It was accounted for in the Straits times that every year an aggregate of around 178 instances of old maltreatment were being accounted for and out these 178 cases announced around 120 instances of the older were manhandled by their own youngst ers. (Theresa Tan, The Straits Times (Singapore) October 22, 2009 Thursday). There are different hypotheses to clarify the purposes behind the event of older maltreatment. The social trade hypothesis looks to additionally clarify the purposes behind older to encounter viciousness from their culprits utilizing the idea of social assets, for example, power, money related soundness and status. ( Quote : social work reading material pg 324), Pillemer, 1989 allude to no eldlerly mishandle book behind). Expanding level of reliance on youngsters makes a potential domain for maltreatment to occur, as the old authority is presently lessened because of absence of intensity and essential assets which the potential guardian has. Henceforth, such a force measurement with respect to the accessibility of assets makes unevenness and strain in the connection between the older and the guardian. Another case whereby an old maltreatment can occur can be clarified through another hypothesis known as the biological hypothesis, is the point at which the parental figure of the older themselves may be experiencing a few issues for example they themselves may have budgetary troubles or could be experiencing some wellbeing conditions. Along these lines, taking care of an older may prompt weight on the guardian whereby in certain circumstances, as a type of method for dealing with stress they may vent out their dissatisfactions on the old under their consideration through verbal and physical maltreatment and this makes the old be in a more prominent presentation to manhandle. (MCYS , booklet). A guide to outline such a case which was refered to in a Straits times article will be about an unmarried child who was in his forties who needed to surrender his business to take care of his mom who was laid up and experiencing dementia. Not having the option to deal with the pressure that he was experiencing, he used to hit his mom every now and again. (Theresa Tan, The Straits Times (Singapore October 22, 2009 Thursday). A large portion of the occasions , the survivors of old maltreatment will in general be older who are totally subject to their youngsters regarding money related and social insurance angles and in this manner the culprits of old maltreatment are typically their kids or somebody they reliant on.( Quote: The Pattern of Elderly Abuse Presenting to an Emergency Department, G W M Cham, E Seow, 2004, pg 571). Despite the fact that, the quantity of old maltreatment and disregard cases are under 200, it ought not be fully trusted that the old maltreatment is an uncommon marvel. Originating from an Asian culture, particularly in a locale whereby Confucian qualities are winning, since the vast majority of the culprits are their own youngsters, the older only sometimes report about them being mishandled as they would prefer not to be humiliated or don't have any desire to be decided upon, searched down for bringing up kids who are harsh. ( Penhale 1993, english diary of social work, 23,2) . For other old, they may decide to endure under the hands of their kids instead of detailing them as they are progressively reliant on their youngsters to satisfy their essential needs, they dread of losing them or they dread of things to come results, for example, heightened level of maltreatment from the culprit when they resort to announcing them.(Lee and Pang, 2003, ache 2000). Because of such underrepor ting and the forswearing of being manhandled further increases this social issue as the old will in general endure peacefully. The social issue of old maltreatment ought to be seen regarding a smaller scale and full scale level. (social work)From the models refered to in this paper, it very well may be seen that the greater part of the Elderly maltreatment which is one type of family savagery was at first observed to be an exclusive arrangement which was bound to and happened as a rule in the family circle which is the miniaturized scale level. At the point when the issue of the senior maltreatment is likewise being experienced by lion's share of the residents in Singapore too, with the expanding number of instances of senior maltreatment being refered to in the papers and with the quick paced maturing populace in Singapore, this issue of senior maltreatment currently turns into an open and national issue which the state needs to address. (textboo) For example, in the prior years when it came to issues about maltreatment more consideration had been given to youngster and spousal maltreatment however not old abuse.(say no elderl misuse) Currently as more instances of older maltreatment are going to the spotlight, it is an issue which is deserving of concern. In this manner, older maltreatment and disregard is a social issue which influences the old as well as the remainder of the populace who presently need to bear the duty of supporting the old. There are numerous viewpoints with respect to the issue of older maltreatment and how it ought to be handled. Right off the bat from the states perspective, it carefully embraces a non-government assistance approach .The state accepts that different social wellbeing nets, for example, the network, social administrations and non-benefit associations need to meet up to handle the social issue of old maltreatment. The state essentially utilizes the lawful methodology and tertiary intercession as laws to handle senior maltreatment and disregard. For instance the Womens contract looks to manage family viciousness and ensure relatives including the older who are being manhandled. The monetary disregard of older is being dealt with under the Maintenance of Parents Act which permits the guardians to request money related help from their youngsters through the Tribunal court. ( disapprove of senior). The Maintenance of Parents Act in spite of the fact that permits guardians to interest for bu dgetary provison from their kids. This arrangement can assist the older with seeking money related help from

Writing an Outline for a Research Paper

Writing an Outline for a Research Paper An outline is a plan of how you will arrange ideas in the most effective way possible. Information needs to be organized and must flow logically for readers to understand the point of your research paper. Many students skip outlining because they trust their ability to construct a strong body of work without one. This is rarely true for first-time writers or even experienced writers. The advantages of preparing an outline before writing include: You classify information beforehand; Consequently, you focus on expressing your ideas and using the right grammar and structures when you write the actual paper. Outlining saves time. You do the hard work of finalizing main points and supporting data and facts. All you need to do afterward is write it coherently. An outline reveals irrelevant or weak material. When you view the full plan and how ideas flow and complement each other, unnecessary points are clear to spot. Outlining allows you to select the most relevant sources and incorporate them in a way that strengthens your points. For these reasons, it is one of the most important steps in academic writing a good research paper. Some would argue it is the most important step.

The Link Between Corporate Social Responsibility And The...

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to show that the link between Corporate Social Responsibility the competitive advantage of a company is often viewed to be positive if environmental limits, social needs corporate interests are all coordinated within the given framework (Porter Kramer, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be classified as the actions of firms that contribute to social welfare, beyond what is required for profit maximization (McWilliams, 2015). Economist Milton Friedman famously stated that, â€Å"a corporation’s responsibility is to make as much money for the stockholders as possible†. Despite the fact that the main objective of a business is to earn profit, corporations ought to look into the welfare of the society should perform its activities within the framework of environmental standards (Mugurusi, 2008). Managers in today’s corporations have to deal with government regulations, corporate critics, media attacks major competition from other firms (Freeman, 2010). According to Carroll (1991) Corporate Social Responsibility consists of four elements, which are in the form of a pyramid consisting of philanthropic at the top of the pyramid followed by legal, social economic responsibility towards the bottom of the company. Furthermore stakeholder management is a very important contributing component of a successful business the support of stakeholders can be gained through customer loyalty, cooperation with partners, investmentShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Financial Performance1206 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Within a competitive world, companies should become ethical throughout many perspectives. Ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong in an attempt to influence behaviour. 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The Importance of Companionship Essay - 901 Words

â€Å"In this prison it is only in human intercourse that I can pretend to find consolation† (Shelley 191), writes Mary Shelley on January 18th, 1824, to describe her extreme state of loneliness two years after her husband’s passing. This passage shows how lack of companionship can make the world seems empty, while an abundance of companionship will fill the lives of those who are so blessed to possess it. In many novels we can see how the protagonist always has their confidante, or someone who they will turn to when they are filled with despair and agony. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is no different. Each character has a need for the presence of a kind and loving soul in their life, or they could be turned into creatures of misery and anguish.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I felt suddenly, and for the first time during many months, calm and serene joy. 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The poem might be easy for one to decipher due to its simple diction, however when one truly analyzes the poem the true deep news and quality of Maya Angelou’s words areRead MoreLove: the Four Letter Word1094 Words   |  5 Pagesto bonds created with others. When you truly love another, the love for them is put above yourself. The main types of love are Companionship Love, Romantic or Sexual Love, Family Love, Friendship Love and Charity Love, all of which are not only important to have in life, but influences the way we interact with others in the world around us. The Greek word for companionship, Hetaireia, explains the love that is found between classmates, comrades or coworkers. This type of love is important to haveRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest And Of Mice And Men1183 Words   |  5 Pagesideas of ambition and companionship explored throughout their texts, primarily through the use of characterization but also through imagery and symbolisms. Alongside techniques, Forman and Steinbeck utilise other themes and ideas to further develop and convey their ideas, exploring the effect and power of ambition and dreams alongside belonging and individuality being used to explore themes of companionship. The protagonists of both texts rely on the power of companionship to overcome obstacles in

Coming of Age- the Color of Water free essay sample

The main character Ruth McBride Jordan came of age during the 1940’s. American History tells us that during the 1940’s Jewish people were fleeing to America from Hitler and the Holocaust. World war II was also taking place and with the men leaving to go fight in the war women were needed to replace the men and get jobs. These historic events in American history are relevant to this story, because during this time frame, Ruth had to work at her Aunt’s leather factory in order to survive in New York on her own. statistics assignment help At this point in her life, she was dating a African American man named Andrew Dennis McBride, and during these times if you were white and dated a black man you were now known as â€Å"one of them. † African Americans back then were minorities, and were given no respect. If Ruth lived in our era, she would not be shamed upon for having a husband or children of another race. We will write a custom essay sample on Coming of Age- the Color of Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ruth would have also been treated equally and not looked at differently because she was Jewish. She might have even finished high school instead of move to New York. She would have had more chances in today’s society to go to college and pursue a career that she would enjoy and perhaps been able to support her family financially. Another main character James McBride came of age during the 1970’s. American History tells us that during the 1970’s women and minorities were still struggling for full legal equality and privileges in society. Affirmative Action had become a controversial policy because women and minorities were demanding rights to jobs and education. These historic events in history were significant to the story because during this time frame James was on his way to college. James’ grades were not so good but his musical talent helped get him into Oberlin College. With the society changing and James being black it was hard to simply walk the street without having somebody suspecting he did something wrong. Since racial issues was still a big factor when James was a kid people would stare at him with disgust as he walked down the street with his white mother. While James was becoming a teenager he began to realize this more and more and he had begun to hide his mother from people like his friends. Once James left for college he didn’t care what people thought of him and his white mother not just because he was coming of age but also because racial issues were not as big a deal now as it was then. If James had lived in our era, there would be a lower chance that he would have received dirty looks when he walked down the street with his mother. He also may not have had as many problems financially as a child, because his mother may have had a better job to be able to provide James with financial security. James’ grades in high school may have even improved because he would have had more opportunities to choose a school that he could be successful in. Since there are more chances for students to volunteer or be involved in after school activities, James may not have been involved with drugs and alcohol at the age of 16.

Is Ritalin Over Prescribed (Argumentative Essay) Essays

Is ritalin over prescribed? (Argumentative essay) Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Is ritalin over prescribed? (Argumentative essay) Is Ritalin the Answer to AD (H) D? The tousled brown hair that weaves so mischievously around his head may hint at the way he feels inside. He is seven-years-old and has already had to repeat a grade. He has an imagination that puts others to shame, but nothing seems to hold his attention for more than five minutes. He was recently diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or what we call AD (H) D. This scene is all too familiar for individuals who discover that they, too, have this learning disorder as they progress from elementary school to college. And in today's society we want a "quick fix" to remedy our problems. Therefore doctors are prescribing the drug, Ritalin, to control AD (H) D. Although Ritalin is a widely used drug to control AD (H) D, there are other safer alternatives to combat this worldwide disorder. Ritalin, like many other drugs, has several side effects-some of which are severe. Ritalin is in a class of drugs called Methylphetamines. These types of drugs (also called Central Nervous System or CNS stimulants) affect our central nervous system that controls everything from thought process to everyday breathing. Ritalin's major side effects influences the cardiovascular system (palpitation, tachycardia, and increased blood pressure), the central nervous system (psychosis, dizziness, headache, insomnia, tic syndromes, attacks of Gilles de la Tourette), gastrointestinal (anorexia, nausea), endocrine/metabolic system (weight loss, growth suppression). Also, Ritalin is a fairly new drug (introduced in the early eighties). It hasn't been around long enough to study the long-term effects. Since Ritalin is a Methylphetamine (closely related to the amphetamine family, such as cocaine), it has a high rate of abuse. In light of methylphenidate's abuse liability, it is important to note the tremendous increase in availability of this substance and the expanded population (adolescents and adults) receiving prescriptions for the treatment of AD (H) D. For example, the production quota for methylphenidate has increased from 1,361 kg in 1985 to 10,410 kg in 1995 with the primary increases occurring in the last five years. This drug is abused in two ways. One way is for recreational purposes. The abusers use the drug as a form of "speed" to pick themselves up. They feel that they need this in order to be "alive" and full of life. The other way this drug is abused is very different. Students are using Ritalin as a study aid. They take a pill (either orally, or by crushing it and snorting-much like cocaine, or they emulsify it in water and inject it like heroine) and cram for an exam. College today has become more competitive. Students feel a need to have an "edge" over the others. They feel that Ritalin gives them this"edge." Another danger is that since Ritalin is related to amphetamines, it has almost the same physiological effects. A users body will build a tolerance to the stimulant, therefore requiring more drugs to sustain the same level of abuse. This is very dangerous since the side effects on a normal dose are already dangerous; it has the potential for addiction and overdose. Although there are many harmful side effects and social problems related to Ritalin, many advocates claim that Ritalin is a vital part of controlling AD (H) D. And in most cases Ritalin has shown proven results. It does exactly what it was designed to do. The treatment of the disorder in adolescents and adults both show positive results. But before being put on such a harmful drug, parents and students should try using other alternatives before using Ritalin. Most doctors can't accurately diagnose AD (H) D in a 20-30 minute visit. There are usually other factors that have to be considered but are often overlooked. There are ways a patient diagnosed with AD (H) D can overcome this disorder. Rather than taking Ritalin, a change in diet can have a big impact on ones attention. Stress levels, like diet, can cause loss of attention, making it hard to concentrate. A change in study habits can also be very beneficial to someone having a difficult time concentrating. So by eating healthy, eliminating certain"stressors," and finding a study habit that works for a person, he/she can overcome the disorder. Ritalin only treats the symptoms of AD (H) D, not the disorder itself. And the symptoms will always be there, unless something is done about it. So unless he/she plans on taking this harmful drug for the rest of their life, changes will

Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article

Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article Beddow, M., Hymes, R. McAuslan, P. (2011). Hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions in relationships and the workplace. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 16(1), 1089-4136. Introduction A number of researches on hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions prompted the current research. For instance, a research conducted by Lawson (1971) on hair color preferences enlightened on the affinity of certain colors.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clayson and Klassen (1989) also confirmed this enlightenment when they found differing perceptions towards various models presented in the study. Another important study was done by Feinman and Gill (1978) indicating that color preference might not be affected by gender. However, hair color of the population majority is preferred as Thelen (1983) found out. Other previ ous studies this topic focused on personality trait perceptions such as that done by Weir and Fine-Davis (1989) who found that people tend to perceive blondes as more popular, feminine and beautiful than brunettes and redheads. Rich and Cash (1993) reinforced the study by showing that broads were more popular and appeared more frequently in magazines. For hostility towards redheads, Heckert and Best (1997) reaffirmed the earlier study by Weir and Fine-Davis and extended to show that people perceive redheads to be exceptionally smart despite other perceptions. Kyle and Mahler (1996) contradicted some of the earlier findings by showing that people perceive brunettes to be competent and intelligent than blondes and red heads. Apparently, it is due to this lack of consistency in previous studies that promoted the current research. In order to have a defined focus of the study, Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan developed three hypotheses. First, they hypothesized that certain personality traits would be perceptually related to a certain hair color: that the participants would find blondes more attractive, feminine and immature; brunettes more intelligent, successful, mature and stronger work ethics; and redheads more aggressive and emotional. Second, they hypothesized that the male and female models with brown hair would be viewed more favorably in the work setting than in the date setting. Third, it was hypothesized that the typical stereotypes associated with hair color would become stronger when combined with situations common to these stereotypes. Indeed, the main goal of the study is to enrich the previous research by examining the effects of stereotypes with respect to hair color, setting and gender. Methods The tested sample consisted of 180 participants all of which were undergraduate students from a Midwestern university. These participants were of varying ages, from different ethnic groups, wore different hair colors and had completed an introductory level psych ology course.Advertising Looking for critical writing on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this qualitative study, the researchers examined the perception of the participants towards three color models with respect to work ethics, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness within the work and dating setting. This means that the variables included the three color models, work ethics, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. The study design was a correlation in which the researchers compared some variables against others. Specifically, the authors attempted to investigate the relationship between specific hair colors and certain qualities including work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. The study was also designed to compare the outcome on two broader circumstances: working and dating setting. The study procedure involved the development of questionnaire packets which directed the participants to pretend that they had visited a social network site to search for information about male and female target of the model. The participants then rated the individual models shown on the projector screen according to the directed scenario in the questionnaire packet. Later, the participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire. Results The results supported hypothesis number one that differential perceptions associated with hair color do exist. In regard to blonde hair stereotypes, the participants in this study considered blondes as more mature in a dating setting. For brown hair stereotypes, participants rated brown-haired men as the most masculine. The results also supported hypothesis number two that brown hair models would be viewed more favorably in the work setting than in the date setting. For the models, the participants perceived that the blonde model was the least successful in the worker setting while the brown and red hair as the most s uccessful in the same setting. Similarly, the brown hair models were perceived to be competent and industrious which suggests that that an emotional display in the workplace setting would contradict these qualities. Indeed, the brown haired model was perceived to be the most successful in work setting, consistent with the general stereotypes of competence and intelligence, thus resulting in success. The results also supported hypothesis number three that stereotypes associated with hair color would become stronger when combined with situations common to these stereotypes. For instance, temperamental redhead stereotype manifested itself in the participants, contrasting itself with the blonde model. However, the finding that failed to support hypothesis three as the participants did not perceive blondes to be more attractive in the dating setting as hypothesized.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion The researchers interpreted data in terms of probability and standard deviations of the measures associated with variables. For instance, a worker ethic measure with a standard deviation more than 1.00 was generally considered high as well as a probability greater than 0.01. However, in correlating two variables, the authors considered a difference in the range of 1 percent. In essence, a difference of 0.01 in standard deviation was a significant comparative measure. For instance, the authors regarded the gender models as having a variation in work ethic simply because the difference in standard deviation between male and female model was 0.01 (1.32-1.31). The major findings were that the blonde hair models were mature in dating implying dating experience. This aligns with the previous studies that blonde haired models stereotypes are attractive and flirts by the fact that the greater dating experience make them feel more uncomfortable. Regarding the brown haired models, the findings suggest that men are most masculine, competent and industrious which coincides with the previous studies. For instance, the success in work setting reflects a research done by Takeda et al (2006) which showed that blondes are underrepresented in the workforce. The findings also indicate that the red haired models are temperamental and aggressive in nature which is also in harmony with previous studies (Feinman Gill, 1978). Critical reaction The authors’ logic is sound and clear as depicted in the flow of the arguments. From the start, they highlight the purpose of the research as to enrich the previous studies by examining the effects of the hair color stereotype. This is followed by their reasoning that the previous studies identified the stereotypes but did not consider their effects. Through the analysis of data collected from a diverse sample that can represent the entire population, the authors demonst rate the different effects of various stereotypes identified in the literature. The data is logically analyzed for individual models with reference to the perception of the participants. The hypotheses developed by the authors are clear because they confirm the focus of the study and the variables relevant to the study. In harmony with the aim of the study, these hypotheses attempt to test the findings of the previous literature.Advertising Looking for critical writing on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The various researches presented in the literature are adequate enough to suggest a deficiency in research pertaining to the effects of hair color stereotypes that were identified long time ago. However, the research articles used are not current and one may be compelled to assume that the authors omitted the contribution of contemporary gurus in this area. The various variables included in this study are work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. This collection however, omitted several important variables including goal commitment, interaction and defiance. These variables might be important in future studies due to their direct relationship with the human way of thinking. With a particular focus on working and dating setting, the three variables are perceived by people as success factors. Therefore, it is justified to suggest that hair color stereotypes will be influenced greatly by these variables. The sample tested by Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan was appropriate for this study due to two key reasons. First, the sample was diverse in various characteristics that may influence human perception such as ethnicity and age. Second, the sample comprised of participants who had psychological freedom to give genuine responses after undergoing the physiological course. These facts suggest that the sample could represent the population that the authors based their conclusions on. The results of this study suggest that further research is needed on this topic because it is clear that the subjects were not exhausted. For instance, the findings were not enough to determine whether the participants perceived brown haired model to be more aggressive than the red haired models. In addition, there could be gaps in this research associated with the scale used to measure the results and the reliability of the instruments is not determined. A follow-up to this study may perhaps use a new methodology that can correlate the stereotype results of this study with other studies related to the topic. This methodology should have the capacity to identify the most relevant variables to study through experimental approaches. For instance, hypothesizing that the relationship between hair color stereotypes and the variables (work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness) is defined by other factors (commitment, interaction and defiance) would serve to include other relevant variables pertinent to human perceptions. In connection to coursework, this article reflects the various components of a research paper in addition to the issues that are emended in psychology topics which need research attention. The first and important thing in a research is to select a researchable topic. This topic will then determine the research focus in reviewing the literature as well as the deficiencies and weaknesses existing in the literature which require further consideration. Moreover, the article is important to a psychology student as a source of mo tivation for research. The authors have developed a research problem by simply acknowledging the efforts of other researchers. This study implies to the general public in that, it facilitates the understanding on how to categorize the people around them. Naturally, it is important to comprehend what surrounds us and appreciate what others can offer in order to live in harmony. Perhaps by understanding the hair color stereotypes, we avoid laying blame on individuals based on our observation. This is because people justify actions differently. Therefore, this study advices us to reach a viable conclusion before judging others and imposing penalties. References Beddow, M., Hymes, R. McAuslan, P. (2011). Hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions in relationships and the workplace. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 16(1), 1089-4136. Clayson, D. E. Klassen, M. L. (1989). Perception of attractiveness by obesity and hair color. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(1), 19 9-202. Feinman, S. Gill, G. W. (1978). Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences. The Journal of Social Psychology, 105(1), 43-52. Heckert, D. M. Best, A. (1997). Ugly duckling to swan: labeling theory and the stigmatization of red hair. Symbolic Interaction, 20(4), 365-384. Kyle, D. J. Mahler, H. I. (1996). The effects of hair color and cosmetic use on perceptions of female’s ability. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(3), 447-455. Lawson, E. D. (1971). Hair color, personality and the observer. Psychological Reports, 28(1), 311-312. Rich, M. K. Cash, T. F. (1993). The American image of beauty: media representations of hair color for four decades. Sex Roles, 29(1-2), 113-124. Takeda, M. B, Helms, M. M. Romanova, N. (2006). Hair color stereotyping and CEO selection in the United Kingdom. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 13(3), 85-99. Thelen, T. H. (1983). Minority type human mate preference. Social Biology, 30(2), 162-180. Weir, S. Fine-Da vis, M. (1989). ‘Dumb blonde’ and ‘temperamental redhead’: the effect of hair colour on some attributed personality characteristic of women. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 11-19.

Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stakeholders - Essay Example Goodjik (2003) point out to the fact that management needs to build relationships with different stakeholders including shareholders, employees, customers, and society at large. This is only possible with increased transparency and accountability in practices on the part of the organizations and increased involvement or participation of the stakeholders in management decisions. The need to mobilize a sense of responsibility among stakeholders could help create an organizational context for participation and involvement and stakeholder arguments and opinions could be used to shift the balance of decisions in the interest of stakeholders. Active stakeholder participation is thus useful for any management perspective as considering stakeholder opinions and arguments could help create and strengthen partnerships between stakeholders and management at the corporate level. The stakeholder model assumes constructive partnership and dialogue between the management and the stakeholders includ ing the employees and is thus useful for promoting a beneficial relationship at the corporate level. This discussion focuses on the contributions of the stakeholders in business success and business performance of companies and emphasizes on the beneficial relationship between stakeholders ... The Role of Stakeholders: Stakeholders play an important role in an organization and affect corporate social performance and financial performance and Neville et al (2005) point out that a company's reputation could determine the corporate social performance and financial performance or CSP-FP relationships. Corporate social performance is related the stakeholders' resource allocation to an organization and how much stakeholders are ready to invest in or trust a company would in turn determine the performance and success of a company. In this context the stakeholder would trust or invest in a company based on the existing reputation of a company thus company reputation would determine stakeholder assessments and would also be relative to stakeholder expectations. Neville (2005) thus suggests that reputation of a company plays a key role in determining the CSP-FP relationship. Strategic management principles and competitiveness also change the CSP-FP relationship. Considering that corporate branding and reputa tion are important in achieving stakeholder trust, the role of marketing could be important for strategic advantages of any company as it helps build brand reputation. Maintaining stakeholder interests and stakeholder benefits is the major concern of companies and forms a major part of corporate social responsibility or CSR. Whitehouse (2006) used qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with representatives of 16 UK companies from different sectors and traced CSR policy development from identifying the meaning attributed to CSR to factors that help to implement CSR agenda. CSR objectives and policies are

Abraham Lincoln View of slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln View of slavery - Essay Example Lincoln in his speech in Illinois termed slavery as unjust and morally wrong. He confessed both privately and in public that he hated slavery, even though he was quiet about it for a long time. Lincoln also believed that all people were against slavery, insisted and maintained a view against it. Besides, he never regretted his words either did he take them back because slavery was not right. He also came out clear giving his view that he was not an abolitionist. His problem was the current constitution that never factored in the term slavery all the clauses that gave protection to the institution. He alluded that there was a need to abolish slavery and consider slaves as equal members of the United States. Abraham argued that both the black and white were equal. Therefore, they were entitled to equal opportunities and benefit to improve their lives making slavery was unfair.Therefore, the debate on the issue of slavery was among one of the questions that triggered the civil war both in the Western and Northern states as they fought to protect the union. However, at the same time the South states struggled to gain its independence under its constitution. Conversely, the South agrarian protected their slaves to take care of their large plantations and help in other tasks that they required. During the civil war, more Africans worked in the south offering labor. They contributed significantly to the South economy because they worked and at the same time, they were sold to pay debts.

Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America Essay Example for Free

Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America Essay The views of Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America developed different culturally factors including economically and political views, education, and religious instruction. Colonies in the north and south developed their own characteristics making them significant for the main land, and later becomes the new nation itself. Economic wise, the colonies had more differences than similarities. The North had small farms while the south had larger plantations. The northern colonies developed important trades on furs, timber, and other natural resources. The northern colonies developed into shipping center at New York, which originally belonging to the Dutch until 1664, where goods were stored. The English develop the harbors around New York and it became a major shipping center of the colonies. Meanwhile, the south developed important trades on agriculture, cotton, rice, and tea. At the time, the south had fewer raw materials than the North and mostly traded cotton. The cotton crop was the most important trade to the Southern colonies, it was nicknamed King Cotton. The reason of the South’s plantation out-sizing the North’s plantation was because the social aspect of each side. The Northern colony life mainly revolved the church members, when the south had more focus on the wealthy land owner. However, The North and south economics were similar to each other as well; for example, Tobacco and slavery. The North and South both also supported the use of indentured servants, people who came to America and was placed under contract to work for land owners for over a period of time, usually about seven year. Politically, the North and South had differences on who had the bigger voice in the society. In the North, Church membership was the only way to be accepted in to the colony. The church in the north controlled the laws and were the most accepted in the colony. Meanwhile, in the South, instead of the church members being superior, the land owners who wealthiest had control over the law. The Southerners tended not to be very religious due to the number of churches and religious institution in the south. Almost all the population of the South live on plantation and the plantation were very important to them more than the religious beliefs. Since The North was large on plantation, thousands of slaves were forced to work on the plantations. Politics in the colonies were empowered by charter called The General Court. The General Court made laws and governed the company. The colonists adapted the general court concept and used it to rule their colonies. The General Court ruled that freeman could only be male and a church member in order to make sure only religious men could decide government issues. The southern colonies were ruled by the oldest legislative called the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses established for judicial and administration which will runs by the representatives from each region in the colonies. Mercantilism played an important role in the lives of New Englanders because it was an economic theory and system that supported the establishment of the colonies. New England adopted the policy of mercantilism in order to control over the trade of the colonies. The colonies were influenced by the mercantilism policy due to the numerous trading prohibitions and taxes that applied on goods. The first mercantile regulation was the Acts of Trade and Navigation which established three main rules for colonial trade. Firstly, trade between the colonies could only be transported on English or colonial-built ships and operated by English or colonial crews; secondly, all goods could only pass through English port; and thirdly, certain numbered goods from the colonies could only be exported to England, including tobacco and sugar. But in the Southern Colonies, the Navigation Act had lowered tobacco prices which made the economies suffered. The slave population in the South vastly increased in order to maintain their wealth that dominated trade and politics throughout the colonies. Later on, there will be more similar acts to those of trade and navigation, such as the Staple Act of 1663, The Duty Act of 1673, and the Wool Act of 1699 which limited trade of good. Over time, the concept of mercantilism would rehabilitate due to the changing ideas and theories of various economic scholar such as Adam Smith, Abraham Lincoln, and Alexander Hamilton. Educations also played such an important role in the lives of New Englanders because people were really religious in the American colonies. In the New England colonies, the Puritans built their society based on the principles of Bible. The Puritans valued education because they believed that Satan was keeping those who couldn’t read from the scriptures. Education in this time period enabled people to read the Bible; therefore, parents able to teach their children to read the Bible, which was often the only book they had. Wealthy families usually sent their older children to study at colleges and universities. Girls usually learned their education in household skills at home. The education in the southern colonies, children normally began their education at home. Because farms and plantations created difficulty, plantation owners usually hired tutors to teach their children math, science, geography, history, and plantation management. Girls in the South usually taught to learn enough reading, writing, and math to run a house household and to attract a husband. As we speak of Education, The King James Bible had influence the culture of these two diverse regions because it was the only English translated book from the bible. The King James Bible established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607; for the next few hundred years, just every English-speaking American grew up knowing the King James Bible better than any other book. It was the only book that has over one billion copies in print. Because of the well-known bible at its era, both colonies were persuaded the children to learn from King James Bible either from homeschooled or universities. The impact of the King James Bible on English language and western culture is beyond estimation; therefore, Education of the North and the South were always involved with the King James Bible. Works Cited. Channing, Edward. The Navigation Acts. Thenagain.info. Thenagain.info, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. Grischy, Janet. The Economic and Social Differences between the North and the South as a Cause of the Civil War. Helium. Helium, 23 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Hockett, Homer C. Political and Social Growth of the American People 1492-1865. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1940). KIRSCH, ADAM. Heirs to the Throne. The New Republic. Www.newrepublic.com, 11 May 2010. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. The King James Version: Its Influence on English and American History. The King James Version: Its Influence on English and American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

African Art Essay examples -- argument essay

1. The pottery Seated Male Figure from Mali is an example of a non- frontal figure. This Sculpture displays a man sitting with his right leg bent and his left leg pulled up into his chest. He has his right arm over his heart and his left arm across his shoulder. There are many raised bumps on his body. His face id shifted slightly to the left and he appears to be concentrating. The caption explains that he is communicating with the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The Orangun Eps Headdress from the Yoraba is a great example of a human figure with an entourage and a good display of hieratic scale. The ruler is sitting on a horse. Both he and th ehorse are greatly decorated in bright color clothing and the ruler is wearing a hat. In addition he is carrying a sword which is strapped to his arm. His entourage is amde up of numerous peolpe.Wives, children, musicains, messengers, soliders, and singers. this sculpture is a demostration of both social class and spirituality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. The Yoraba divination bowl of the mother and the child does have a patina. It is located on the babies entire body, the face of the mother and on her breast. The divination tray also has a patina around the rim on the carved faces of the Esu, the turtle, curled mud fish. and the curled snail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Many of the works in the gallery are made to display different qualities as a result they are not alwa...

Stock Options

Stock options increasingly dominate CEO pay packages. This column outlines when economic theory suggests that options-heavy compensation is in shareholders’ interests. The answer is that boards of directors are likely giving too many executive stock options. As boards of directors have sought to align the interests of managers and stockholders, executive stock options have become an ever-larger fraction of the typical CEO’s total compensation (Murphy 1999). Occasionally this practice has led to aggregate compensation payments that are so large as to mock the very connection they are supposed to encourage. What does economic theory have to say about executive compensation in a dynamic context? From a conceptual perspective, how effective is the granting of stock options in promoting the correct managerial decisions? How confident can we be that when a large fraction of a manager’s compensation assumes this form he or she will be led to undertake the same labor hiring and capital investment decisions that the shareholders would themselves want to undertake if they were similarly informed? Managerial incentives and the design of compensation contracts are the systemic implications of executive remuneration are taken into account, that is, in a general equilibrium context; one finds that for a contract to induce managers to take the correct business decisions in the above sense, it must naturally have the following three features. A significant portion of a manager’s remuneration must be based, in one way or another depending on the context, on her own firm’s performance. This concurs with the general message of a wealth of microeconomics studies. But this is not sufficient. The general contract characteristics must also be such that the manager is not, as a consequence of this first requirement, enjoying an income stream with time series properties that are too different from the time series properties of the income stream enjoyed by shareholders. This later restriction arises because, as is well known, the income and consumption position of a manager will determine his or her willingness to undertake risky projects. Optimal delegation requires that this risk attitude is not too different from shareholders’ own. The second feature may have to be modified if the manager’s risk tolerance is inherently different from that of the shareholders. The typical motivation for stock options (as opposed to pure equity positions) is precisely that the (recurrent) lack of income diversification of a manager may make her excessively prudent (in pursuit of a â€Å"quiet life†). This is the idea behind setting executive compensation according to a â€Å"highly convex† contract, i. e. ne where the upside is really good, but the downside is not so bad. This asymmetry is necessary induce risk averse managers to make the right investment decisions from the perspective of well-diversified stockholders. Are options-dominated contracts warranted? Shareholders receive both wage and dividend income, with the wage or salary component being, on average, the larger of the two. This is an implicati on of National Income Accounting. In the typical modern economy, about 2/3rds of GDP is composed of wages, with capital’s income account for only 1/3. Points 1 and 2 above therefore imply that an optimal contract will have both a salary (with properties close to those of the wage bill) and an incentive component (with properties naturally linked to the income accruing to capital owners) with the former being about twice as large as the latter. The incentive component may take the form of a non-tradable equity position (giving the right to regular dividend payments) or it may be more closely tied to the firm’s stock price itself. Furthermore, both of these components enter linearly into the manager’s compensation function. In today’s business world, the salary component appears to be too small relative to the incentive component. Hall and Murphy (2002) report that the grant date value of stock options represented 47% of average CEO pay in 1999. Equilar, Inc. , an executive compensation advisory firm, reports that stock options awards represented 81% of CEO compensation for the largest 150 Silicon Valley firms in 2006. What happens to incentives if the salary component is too small relative to the incentive component? Such an imbalance between the components of a manager’s compensation will lead to excessive smoothing of the firm’s output from the shareholders’ perspective. They typically prefer a highly pro-cyclical investment policy whereas, without further inducement, the manager will be much more reluctant to exploit the good opportunities and instead select a mildly pro-cyclical or, even, possibly an anti-cyclical investment strategy. This problem is well recognized, and it is the main justification for using highly convex managerial compensation contracts (i. e. options). Convex contracts overcome this possibility by reducing the personal (expected) cost to the manager of increasing the firm’s investment when times are good. If the manager’s preferences are well represented by a logarithmic utility function of consumption, however, then this latter argument does not apply; the manager’s actions will be insensitive to contract convexity. That is, even a compensation contract that is heavily laden with options will not induce managers to alter their behavior one whit. A straightforward application of this logic produces an even more striking result. If the manager happens to be more risk averse than would be dictated by log utility – an entirely plausible configuration – the only way to induce optimal managerial behavior is by using a highly unconventional remuneration package in which the manager’s compensation is inversely related to the firm’s operating results. This would mean a contract that pays high compensation when profits are low and vice versa. In this situation an options laden compensation package will induce the manager to behave in a manner directly opposite to what the shareholders would like. More generally, the degree of contract convexity must be related to the relative risk aversion of the manager as compared to the shareholders and if these quantities are not precisely estimated large welfare losses will ensue. From a theoretical macroeconomic perspective, the circumstances under which a highly convex compensation contract, for example, one that has a large component of options, will properly guide the manager in making the correct hiring and investment decisions are very narrowly defined. It would be surprising if these circumstances were fulfilled in the typical contract case.

The Theory Of Science Of The Twentieth Century - 1105 Words

Thomas S. Kuhn, one of the most influential philosophers of science of the twentieth century, once stated that â€Å"A person may be attracted to science for all sorts of reasons. Among them are the desire to be useful, the excitement of exploring new territory, the hope of finding order, and the drive to test established knowledge† (Krein, n.d., para. 1). Scientists for centuries have spent countless hours attracted to science in an attempt to understand the natural world. As a result, the evolution of science witnessed the emergence of a process by which the science community learned to develop questions, conduct investigations, collect evidence from a variety of sources, and propose explanations that are based on evidence from conducted†¦show more content†¦Each step of the scientific method serves a purpose as to how scientists discover and share information. The first step of the scientific method is to make an observation. Everyday people make observations about the world and by doing so, are participating in the first step of the scientific method. By making an observation as a part of science that person can question how it came to be or how it works (Bradford, 2015). This is the second step of the scientific method; ask questions about the observations. Forming a hypothesis, the next step, allows for scientists to make a brief description of the observations and to make a prediction or an educated guess based on the description (Bradford, 2015). The fourth step in the scientific method is to test the prediction and hypothesis. During this step, scientists form experiments to test their predictions against what happens in reality (Bradford, 2015). Analyzing the data and making a conclusion to accept or reject the hypothesis is the fifth step to the scientific method. During this step scientists compare the data to the hypothesis to determine if the hypothesis is valid or incorrect. Additionally, scientists check to see how c losely the model they created replicates what happens in the real world (Bradford, 2015). The sixth and final step to the scientific method requires that scientists replicate the experiment and